FRCS Paediatric Ortho — improved notes
FRCS Paediatric Ortho — visual inline notes
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029. Genu valgum

visual-inline rebuild0 extracted figuresspeaker notes XML43 study lines3 Q&A

Individual slide images have been cropped from the rendered slide and inserted beside the matching note section. The full slide remains below only for layout/audit.

Clean FRCS notes with inline figures

Genu valgum

General knee malalignment PE:

•Delineate cause (general exam)
•1. Look for causes: rickets (caput quadratum, ricketic rosary, Harrison sulcus), dysmorphic features, CP, scars
•2. Screen: Height; Body; proportion; Symmetry
•3. Special test: Cover and uncover test

Causes:

•Physiological, developmental, congenital (dysplasia)
•Acquired: Inflammatory, metabolic, neuromuscular
•Local: Infection, trauma, tumor
•Severity (local exam)
•1. Gait: any varus thrusting
•2. Measure TFA, intermalleolar / intercondylar distance
•3. Check ROM
•4. Collaterals
•5. Rotational profile

Complications

•LLD
•Patellar maltracking
•Systems examination: hip (FFC), spine (scoliosis) and feet (equinus)
•Salenius curve
•Determine physiological vs pathological

Management

•Aim: restore mechanical axis, prevent patellar maltracking and early OA change
•Depends on
•Age and remaining growth
•Severity
•Progression
•Reassure if
•<7 years old
•TFA <15 degrees
•Inter MM distance <8cm
•Non progressive
•FU if
•< 10 years and
•Progress after 4
•Intermalleolar distance >8cm
•OT if
•>10 years
•Severe valgus (>15 degrees, intermalleolar distance >8cm, zone 3)
•Options
•Immature + bilateral – temporary hemiepiphysiodesis at MFC and MTP
•Mature – varus-producing distal femoral osteotomy

Direct Q&A

Q1 What diagnostic or radiographic findings support Genu valgum?

Genu valgum

General knee malalignment PE:

•Delineate cause (general exam)
•1. Look for causes: rickets (caput quadratum, ricketic rosary, Harrison sulcus), dysmorphic features, CP, scars
•2. Screen: Height; Body; proportion; Symmetry
•3. Special test: Cover and uncover test

Causes:

•Physiological, developmental, congenital (dysplasia)
•Acquired: Inflammatory, metabolic, neuromuscular
•Local: Infection, trauma, tumor
Q2 What complications are listed for Genu valgum?

LLD

•Patellar maltracking
•Systems examination: hip (FFC), spine (scoliosis) and feet (equinus)
•Salenius curve
•Determine physiological vs pathological
Q3 How is Genu valgum managed?
•Aim: restore mechanical axis, prevent patellar maltracking and early OA change
•Depends on
•Age and remaining growth
•Severity
•Progression
•Reassure if
•<7 years old
•TFA <15 degrees
•Inter MM distance <8cm
•Non progressive
•FU if
•< 10 years and
•Progress after 4
•Intermalleolar distance >8cm
•OT if
•>10 years
•Severe valgus (>15 degrees, intermalleolar distance >8cm, zone 3)
•Options
•Immature + bilateral – temporary hemiepiphysiodesis at MFC and MTP
•Mature – varus-producing distal femoral osteotomy

Raw speaker-note hierarchy audit

#lvlmarLindentlogicaloriginal note line
10NoneNone0Genu valgum
20NoneNone0General knee malalignment PE:
30NoneNone0Delineate cause (general exam)
40NoneNone01. Look for causes: rickets (caput quadratum, ricketic rosary, Harrison sulcus), dysmorphic features, CP, scars
50NoneNone02. Screen: Height; Body; proportion; Symmetry
600003. Special test: Cover and uncover test
70000Causes:
80171450-1714501Physiological, developmental, congenital (dysplasia)
90171450-1714501Acquired: Inflammatory, metabolic, neuromuscular
100171450-1714501Local: Infection, trauma, tumor
110000Severity (local exam)
1200001. Gait: any varus thrusting
1300002. Measure TFA, intermalleolar / intercondylar distance
1400003. Check ROM
1500004. Collaterals
1600005. Rotational profile
170000Complications
180228600-2286001LLD
190228600-2286001Patellar maltracking
200228600-2286001Systems examination: hip (FFC), spine (scoliosis) and feet (equinus)
210NoneNone0Salenius curve
220NoneNone0Determine physiological vs pathological
230NoneNone0Mx:
240000Aim: restore mechanical axis, prevent patellar maltracking and early OA change
250NoneNone0Depends on
260228600-2286001Age and remaining growth
270228600-2286001Severity
280228600-2286001Progression
290000Reassure if
300228600-2286001<7 years old
310228600-2286001TFA <15 degrees
320228600-2286001Inter MM distance <8cm
330228600-2286001Non progressive
340000FU if
350000< 10 years and
360171450-1714501Progress after 4
370171450-1714501Intermalleolar distance >8cm
380171450-1714501TFA>15 degrees
390000OT if
400171450-1714501>10 years
410171450-1714501Severe valgus (>15 degrees, intermalleolar distance >8cm, zone 3)
420000Options
430171450-1714501Immature + bilateral – temporary hemiepiphysiodesis at MFC and MTP
440171450-1714501Mature – varus-producing distal femoral osteotomy

Improved semantic hierarchy used for the study notes

#semantic levelsection?rewritten line
10Genu valgum
20yesGeneral knee malalignment PE:
31Delineate cause (general exam)
411. Look for causes: rickets (caput quadratum, ricketic rosary, Harrison sulcus), dysmorphic features, CP, scars
512. Screen: Height; Body; proportion; Symmetry
613. Special test: Cover and uncover test
70yesCauses:
81Physiological, developmental, congenital (dysplasia)
91Acquired: Inflammatory, metabolic, neuromuscular
101Local: Infection, trauma, tumor
111Severity (local exam)
1211. Gait: any varus thrusting
1312. Measure TFA, intermalleolar / intercondylar distance
1413. Check ROM
1514. Collaterals
1615. Rotational profile
170yesComplications
181LLD
191Patellar maltracking
201Systems examination: hip (FFC), spine (scoliosis) and feet (equinus)
211Salenius curve
221Determine physiological vs pathological
230yesManagement
241Aim: restore mechanical axis, prevent patellar maltracking and early OA change
251Depends on
261Age and remaining growth
271Severity
281Progression
291Reassure if
301<7 years old
311TFA <15 degrees
321Inter MM distance <8cm
331Non progressive
341FU if
351< 10 years and
361Progress after 4
371Intermalleolar distance >8cm
381OT if
391>10 years
401Severe valgus (>15 degrees, intermalleolar distance >8cm, zone 3)
411Options
421Immature + bilateral – temporary hemiepiphysiodesis at MFC and MTP
431Mature – varus-producing distal femoral osteotomy
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